The effect of progressive exercise prescription for group exercise guidance for Taiwan seniors and Integrated Care for old People: Post-event movement observation.

Purpose: This study is aimed at the seniors of the "2022 Taiwan Senior Citizens Fitness Club Subsidy Plan" with a sample. Method: The doctor will diagnose and confirm whether the physical condition suits participation. Then, the professional sports instructor will design and arrange a progressive fitness enhancement group course suitable for the Senior person's physical fitness, conducted four times a week, every 2 h, for three months of group course training. Afterward, four group course instructors analyzed the motor ability of the three periods through a video, divided into 21 evaluation indicators. The data collection will be from January to May 2023. In addition, the Integrated Care for Old People (ICOPE) was used to assess the situation. Result: The results showed that all indexes were significantly better than those in week one at week 6. All indexes at week 12 were significantly better than those in week one and week 6 (p < .001), and the benefit of all indicators was the largest (Cohen's d: 2.79-5.11), the reliability of the scores of each index ICC (0.73-0.94). Conclusion: Progressive and multifaceted guidance on how to safely and effectively enhance the physical activity of senior citizens may be the most suitable method. Through progressive energy enhancement, the participants' physical activity and cognitive function can be improved, especially the overall rhythm of the music, which can be combined with high and low impact, dynamic and static balance control, agility, flexibility, and extensibility to achieve the benefits of health promotion.

The relationship between jumping and sprinting performance in teenage sprinters / Relación entre el desempeño del salto y el sprint en velocistas adolescentes / Relação entre o desempenho de salto e sprint em velocistas adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between vertical jumping at forces of specific time phase and sprint performance in teenage sprinters. Methods: Fifteen male teenage sprinters (age: 14±2 years, height: 168±2 cm, weight: 61±1 kg) participated in the study. The subjects performed the following bilateral/unilateral jumps on a force platform: a) squat jump (SJ), b) unilateral SJ (USJ), c) 40cm drop jump (DJ), and d) 20cm unilateral DJ (UDJ). The 60m sprint test was administered on the second day. Brower split timers were positioned to record subjects' 5m, 10m, 50m and 60m split times. The variables for inclusion were vertical jump height, maximum force, and force output at 120ms in all jumps and sprint time measures. Results: The results of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis showed that SJ120ms was correlated to 5m and USJ120ms was correlated to 10m. UDJ120ms showed a stronger correlation with 50m than DJ120ms. Although significant correlations using maximum force and height were observed, there were inconsistent results between bilateral and unilateral jumps. Conclusion: Our results highlighted that jumps that have similar form with certain force outputs at specific event timing could more precisely predict sprint performance in teenage sprinters. USJ120ms and UDJ120ms could better predict the acceleration (10m) and high-speed phase (50m) in sprint performance, respectively. Moreover, coaches and practitioners should be cautious when using only jump height or maximum force to predict sprint performance, since the results could be inaccurate when specific movement variables are not thoughtfully considered. Level of evidence III.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la relación entre el salto vertical y la fuerza en tiempo específico y el desempeño del sprint en velocistas adolescentes. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio quince adolescentes varones velocistas (edades: 14 ± 2 años, estatura: 168 ± 2 cm, peso: 61 ± 1 kg). Los individuos realizaron los siguientes saltos bilaterales y unilaterales en una plataforma de fuerza: a) squat jump (SJ), b) SJ unilateral (USJ), c) drop jump (DJ) de 40 cm e d) DJ unilateral (UDJ) de 20 cm. La prueba de sprint de 60 m se realizó el segundo día. Los cronómetros en el entrenamiento fraccionado se ajustaron para registrar tiempos de 5 m, 10 m, 50 m y 60 m. Las variables que se incluyeron fueron la altura del salto vertical, la fuerza máxima y la salida de fuerza a 120 m en todos los saltos y mediciones del tiempo del sprint. Resultados: Los resultados del análisis de correlación producto-tiempo de Pearson revelaron que el SJ de 120 m estaba correlacionado con 5 m y el USJ de 120 m estaba correlacionado con 10 m. El UDJ de 120 m tuvo una mayor correlación con el DJ de 50 m que con el de 120 m. Aunque se observaron correlaciones significativas con la fuerza y la altura máximas, algunos resultados fueron inconsistentes entre los saltos bilaterales y unilaterales. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados pusieron de manifiesto que los saltos con una forma similar a determinadas salidas de fuerza en un tiempo específico del evento pueden predecir con mayor precisión el desempeño en el sprint en adolescentes velocistas. El USJ de 120 m y el UDJ de 120 m pueden predecir mejor, respectivamente, la aceleración (10 m) y la fase de alta velocidad (50 m) en el desempeño del sprint. Además, los entrenadores y practicantes deben ser cautelosos a la hora de utilizar únicamente la altura del salto o la fuerza máxima para predecir el desempeño en el sprint, ya que los resultados pueden ser inexactos cuando no se tienen en cuenta con precisión las variables específicas del movimiento. Nivel de evidencia III.

RESUMO Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a relação entre o salto vertical e a força em tempo específico e o desempenho de sprint em velocistas adolescentes. Métodos: Quinze adolescentes velocistas do sexo masculino (idade: 14 ± 2 anos, estatura: 168 ± 2 cm, peso: 61 ± 1 kg) participaram do estudo. Os indivíduos realizaram os seguintes saltos bilaterais e unilaterais em uma plataforma de força: a) squat jump (SJ), b) SJ unilateral (USJ), c) drop jump (DJ) de 40 cm e d) DJ unilateral (UDJ) de 20cm. O teste de sprint de 60 m foi realizado no segundo dia. Os cronômetros rastreadores para treinos fracionados foram posicionados para registrar os tempos fracionados de 5 m, 10 m, 50 m e 60 m. As variáveis para inclusão foram altura do salto vertical, força máxima e saída de força a 120 m em todos os saltos e medidas de tempo do sprint. Resultados: Os resultados da análise da correlação produto-tempo de Pearson mostraram que o SJ de 120 m foi correlacionado com 5 m e USJ de 120 m foi correlacionado com 10 m. O UDJ de 120 m teve correlação mais forte com DJ de 50 m do que de 120 m. Embora tenham sido observadas correlações significativas com força e altura máximas, alguns resultados foram inconsistentes entre os saltos bilaterais e unilaterais. Conclusões: Nossos resultados destacaram que os saltos com forma semelhante a certas saídas de força no tempo específico do evento podem prever com mais precisão o desempenho no sprint em adolescentes velocistas. O USJ de 120 m e o UDJ de 120 m podem prever melhor, respectivamente, a aceleração (10 m) e a fase de alta velocidade (50 m) no desempenho no sprint. Além disso, treinadores e praticantes devem ser cautelosos ao usar apenas a altura do salto ou a força máxima para prever o desempenho no sprint, uma vez que os resultados podem ser imprecisos quando variáveis específicas do movimento não forem consideradas com precisão. Nível de evidência III.

Single leg drop jump performance identifies functional deficit in collegiate athletes who have returned to sports after ACL reconstruction: A case-control study.

Despite its apparent functional importance, there is a general lack of data in explosive strength in individuals recovering from an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Hence, we wonder if single leg drop jump (SLDJ) can be an effective testing since drop jump is a commonly used testing which rely on adequate development of explosive strength and stretch shortening cycle function. The purpose of this study was to determine if SLDJ test can identify functional deficit in collegiate athletes who have returned to sports (RTS) after ACLR when comparing it with the common return to sport testing. Nine collegiate athletes who had undergone a unilateral ACLR and returned to their primary sport with at least 10 months post-surgery were recruited and assigned into the injured group and compared with 9 matched non-injured athletes as the control group. Both groups underwent an identical battery testing in 1 session with the sequence of first modified star excursion balance test (SEBT), second single hop and bound test, third SLDJ and lastly 1 repetition maximum (1RM) single leg press. A 2-way mixed model analysis of variance showed that there is no significant interaction effect on common RTS testing which include modified SEBT, single hop and bound tests, and 1RM single leg press, but significant interaction effect on SLDJ jump height (P = .03), reactive strength index (P = .03) and mean propulsion force (P = .03). For the injured group, ACLR leg jump height (10.35 ±â€…2.71 cm) was significantly lower than non-ACLR leg (12.86 ±â€…3.51 cm) with a mean difference of 2.51 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-4.47). ACLR leg reactive strength index (0.29 ±â€…0.10 m/s) was significantly < non-ACLR leg (0.39 ±â€…0.16 m/s) with a mean difference of 0.1 (95% CI: 0.03-0.17) and ACLR leg mean propulsion force (1087.49 ±â€…287.26 N) was significantly < non-ACLR leg (1157.40 ±â€…299.80 N) with a mean difference of 69.91 (95% CI: 16.04 to 123.78). SLDJ was able to identify jump height, reactive strength and propulsion force deficit in the involved limb of collegiate athletes who have returned to sports after ACLR.

The Relationship between the Glenohumeral Joint Internal Rotation Deficit and the Trunk Compensation Movement in Baseball Pitchers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Glenohumeral joint internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is commonly observed in the dominant arm of baseball pitchers and is limited by horizontal adduction motions. We inferred that when pitchers' generation of internal shoulder rotation and horizontal adduction activity is limited, they may generate compensation movements in other body parts. This study aims to investigate whether pitchers with GIRD generates trunk compensation during pitching where pitching targets were on the lower corner of their non-dominant side. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Elite senior high school baseball. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five senior high school baseball pitchers participated in this study. Twelve pitchers with GIRD were assigned to the experiment group, and the remaining 13 participants to the control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Glenohumeral internal/external rotation of both arms and internal/external rotation of the bilateral hip joints were measured. The kinematic values of the trunk when pitching to a target were measured using high-speed infrared cameras. RESULTS: Pitchers with GIRD exhibited significantly greater upper trunk rotation toward the non-dominant side when a baseball was released from their hand (27.39 ± 6.62 degrees), compared with non-GIRD pitchers (20.42 ± 5.97 degrees) (p < 0.05). The total rotation of the pivot leg of pitchers with GIRD (67.54 ± 7.84 degrees) was significantly smaller than that of pitchers without GIRD (74.00 ± 7.07 degrees) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: GIRD in the dominant arm affected upper trunk rotation during pitching and was associated with the hip range of motion. Future studies could conduct a longitudinal study regarding the relationship between GIRD and other joint injuries of the lower limbs.

The potential impact from glenohumeral internal rotation deficit to the knee kinematics in baseball pitchers: A case-control study.

ABSTRACT: A recent study suggested that baseball pitchers with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) may tend to use trunk rotation as compensation to adjust ball placement, which may lead to subsequent counter movement at the knee of the leading leg.This study aims to investigate the kinematic characteristics of the counter movements between the femur and the tibia (knee torsion), from the landing of the leading leg until the follow-through phase, during throwing between pitchers with and without GIRD at the dominant arm.This is a case-control study. Twenty-one senior high school baseball pitchers were recruited in this study. The glenohumeral internal and external rotation, hip internal and external rotation of all participants were measured. Eight pitchers without GIRD and 13 pitchers with GIRD were enrolled into the control group and experiment group, respectively. The maximal angular movement between the femur and the tibia (knee torsion) of the leading leg was measured, using The Zebris 3D (Zebris Medizintechnik GmbH, Isny, Germany) motion analysis system, in the interval from the landing until the follow-through phase during pitching a fastball to the bottom-outside corner with their dominant arm.The results showed that the maximal knee torsion of the leading leg in the experimental group (13.67 ±â€Š0.9 degrees) was significantly greater than the control group (4.25 ±â€Š1.369 degrees) (P < .05).Pitchers with GIRD had greater counter movement in the knee joint than pitchers without GIRD.

Quantification of Respiratory and Muscular Perceived Exertions as Perceived Measures of Internal Loads During Domestic and Overseas Training Camps in Elite Futsal Players.

BACKGROUND: The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scales with respiratory and muscular illustrations are recognized as simple and practical methods to understand individual psychometric characteristics in breathing and muscle exertion during exercise. However, the implementation of respiratory and muscular RPE to quantify training load in futsal training camps has not been examined. This study investigates respiratory and muscular RPE relationships during domestic training camps (DTC) and overseas training camps (OTC) in an under 20 futsal national team. METHODS: Data collected from eleven field players were used for comparison in this study (age = 18.7 ± 0.7 years, height = 171.9 ± 6.1 cm, body weight = 64.2 ± 8.4 kg). All players reported Borg CR10 RPE (RPECR10) and 7-scales respiratory RPE (RPErespiration) and muscular RPE (RPEmuscle) (Dalhousie pictorial scales) after training sessions and matches. Additionally, total distance covered (TD) and training impulse (TRIMP) were used to quantify external and internal loads via the Polar Team Pro system. Paired-sample t-tests were used to compare the RPECR10, RPErespiration, RPEmuscle, TD, and TRIMP between DTC and OTC. Furthermore, linear regression was performed to determine the relationships among all RPE scales, TD, and TRIMP. RESULTS: The RPECR10 (p = 0.047), TD (p < 0.001), and TRIMP (p < 0.001) showed significant difference between DTC and OTC. Furthermore, linear regression analyses showed significant correlation between RPErespiration and RPEmuscle (DTC: r = 0.857, p = 0.006; OTC: r = 0.924, p < 0.001), RPECR10 and RPErespiration (DTC: r = 0.857, p = 0.001; OTC: r = 0.863, p = 0.001), and RPECR10 and RPEmuscle (DTC: r = 0.906, p < 0.001; OTC: r = 0.900, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pictorial RPErespiration or RPEmuscle can be used as an alternative to quantify perceived measures of internal loads during DTC and OTC in futsal players. Interpretation of perceived measures of training load and cardiac-related responses in association with external training loads during short-term training camps would be useful in further understanding the demands of futsal players' experience in these circumstances.

The effectiveness of rearfoot medial wedge intervention on balance for athletes with chronic ankle instability.

BACKGROUND: Athletes with chronic ankle instability (CAI) often develop complications such as pain, instability, and reduced postural control and balance stability, all of which affect athletic performance. This study investigated the effects of a 4° medal wedge intervention on static and dynamic balance in athletes with CAI. METHODS: The participants were 24 healthy and 25 CAI athletes. Participants received a 4° medial wedge applied at the rear foot insole and completed the experiment measurements before and after the wedge intervention. The main outcome measures included the area and path length of the center of pressure when participants performed single-leg standing balance in the closed eye condition and the dynamic balance scores of a multiple single-leg hop stabilization test. RESULTS: The single-leg standing balance significantly improved in CAI (P = .027) and control groups (P = .005) after the medial wedge intervention. The dynamic balance scores significantly decreased from 53.00 ±â€Š25.22 to 41.24 ±â€Š21 48 (P = .015) in CAI group after medial wedge intervention. CONCLUSION: Wearing a 4° medial wedge applied at the rear foot insole improved static and dynamic balance immediately in athletes with CAI. We suggest that clinicians may provide the foot insole to improve balance deficit in athletes having CAI.

Prophylactic Kinesio taping enhances balance for healthy collegiate players.

BACKGROUND: This study was to investigate the effects of prophylactic Kinesio taping and athletic taping on the functional performance of the lower extremities in healthy collegiate players with tapes applied to the dominant leg. METHODS: The study design was a prospective, randomized, clinical trial with comparison of groups. The 32 healthy collegiate players who participated in this study were randomly assigned to 2 groups, an athletic taping group and a Kinesio taping group. Active range of motion of ankle joint, ankle plantar-flexor strength, endurance, vertical jump performance, and dynamic balance were used to measure the player's functional performance of the lower extremities. These tests were conducted 2 times at 4-hour intervals before and after different tapes were applied. The repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine the interaction in functional performance between the groups before and after the tapes applied. RESULTS: The results found less limitation of range of motion in active ankle dorsiflexion and significant improvement in dynamic balance in the Kinesio taping group (F=5.150, P=0.031, F=18.766, P<0.001, respectively) compared with the athletic taping group. CONCLUSIONS: The prophylactic Kinesio taping could enhance dynamic balance and result in less restriction of range of motion of ankle dorsiflexion in healthy collegiate players.

The effect of age on elbow range of motion in pitchers.

BACKGROUND: Alteration of elbow range of motion (ROM) has been observed in baseball pitchers. This study aims to compare dominant elbow ROM between early-puberty, late-puberty, and young-adult pitchers. METHODS: We recruited 62 pitchers, consisting of 17 early-puberty (mean age 13.1 years old), 22 late-puberty (mean age 17.7 years old), and 23 young-adult players (mean age 19.4 years old). Dominant elbow ROMs was measured. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences in elbow ROM variables between 3 groups. RESULTS: Late-puberty pitchers exhibited a significantly lower elbow hyperextension and flexion than early-puberty or young-adult pitchers (P < .05). Valgus angle was significantly lower in young-adult (7.7°±5.5°) versus early-puberty (12.1°±2.3°) and late-puberty pitchers (13.0°±4.1°; P < .05). Young-adult pitchers had the largest forearm supination range (101.2°±18.1°), followed by early-puberty (82.5°±6.5°; P < .05) and late-puberty pitchers (70.6°±15.8°). Elbow flexion-hyperextension total range was smallest in late-puberty pitchers (130.3°±7.4°), followed by young-adult (142.6°±9.3°) and early-puberty pitchers (144.6°±8.3°; P < .05). Forearm pronation-supination total range was also smallest in late-puberty pitchers (142.0°±20.3°), followed by early-puberty (159.8°±9.5°) and young-adult pitchers (177.2°±20.8°; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that careful monitoring of the elbow and forearm range of motion should be undertaken in adolescent baseball pitchers to prevent and or minimize injury risk.

A quantitative method for evaluating inferior glenohumeral joint stiffness using ultrasonography.

Subluxation of the affected shoulder in post-stroke patients is associated with nerve disorders and muscle fatigue. Clinicians must be able to accurately and reliably measure inferior glenohumeral subluxation in patients to provide appropriate treatment. However, quantitative methods for evaluating the laxity and stiffness of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) are still being developed. The aim of this study was to develop a new protocol for evaluating the laxity and stiffness of the inferior GHJ using ultrasonography under optimal testing conditions and to investigate changes in the GHJ from a commercially available humerus brace and shoulder brace. Multistage inferior displacement forces were applied to create a glide between the most cephalad point on the visible anterosuperior surface of the humeral head and coracoid process in seven healthy volunteers. GHJ stiffness was defined as the slope of the linear regression line between the glides and different testing loads. The testing conditions were defined by different test loading mechanisms (n=2), shoulder constraining conditions (n=2), and loading modes (n=4). The optimal testing condition was defined as the condition with the least residual variance of measured laxity to the calculated stiffness under different testing loads. A paired t-test was used to compare the laxity and stiffness of the inferior GHJ using different braces. No significant difference was identified between the two test loading mechanisms (t=0.218, p=0.831) and two shoulder constraining conditions (t=-0.235, p=0.818). We concluded that ultrasonographic laxity measurements performed using a pulley set loading mechanism was as reliable as direct loading. Additionally, constraining the unloaded shoulder was proposed due to the lower mean residual variance value. Moreover, pulling the elbow downward with loading on the upper arm was suggested, as pulling the elbow downward with the elbow flexed and loading on the forearm may overestimate stiffness and pain in the inferior GHJ at the loading point due to friction between the wide belt and skin. Furthermore, subjects wearing a humerus brace with a belt, which creates the effect of lifting the humerus toward the acromion, had greater GHJ stiffness compared to subjects wearing a shoulder brace without a belt to lift the humerus under the proposed testing conditions. This study provides experimental evidence that shoulder braces may reduce GHJ laxity under an external load, implying that the use of a humeral brace can prevent subluxation in post-stroke patients. The resulting optimal testing conditions for measuring the laxity and stiffness of the GHJ is to constrain the unloaded shoulder and bend the loaded arm at the elbow with loading on the upper arm using a pulley system.

Shoulder instability in professional rugby players-the significance of shoulder laxity.

OBJECTIVE: Shoulder instability is a common cause of morbidity among professional rugby union players. This study explores whether the risk of shoulder dislocation is associated with innate shoulder laxity. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Clinical sports medicine research at professional rugby clubs. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixty-nine healthy rugby players (mean age 25.1 years) with no history of instability in either shoulder and 46 players (mean age 27.5 years) with shoulder instability in one shoulder (patient group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anterior, inferior, and posterior laxity was measured in both shoulders for healthy players and in the uninjured shoulder only for injured players using dynamic ultrasound. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the nondominant (anterior: mean 2.9 ± 1.2 mm; inferior: mean 3.1 ± 1.0 mm; posterior: mean 5.1 ± 1.7 mm) and dominant (anterior: mean 3.1 ± 1.1 mm; inferior: mean 2.9 ± 1.0 mm; posterior: mean 4.9 ± 1.7 mm) shoulders in healthy players (P > 0.05). The comparison between healthy shoulders (anterior: mean 3.0 ± 1.2 mm; inferior: mean 3.0 ± 1.0 mm; posterior: mean 5.0 ± 1.7 mm) and the uninjured shoulder (anterior: mean 4.2 ± 1.7 mm; inferior: mean 3.4 ± 1.2 mm; posterior: mean 6.2 ± 3.0 mm) from injured players identified that players with unstable shoulders have a significantly higher shoulder translation in their uninjured shoulder than healthy players (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Formal assessment of shoulder translation using dynamic ultrasound should enable sports medicine practitioners to identify players at greatest risk of subsequent shoulder instability for targeted prehabilitation programs.

Could forearm Kinesio Taping improve strength, force sense, and pain in baseball pitchers with medial epicondylitis?

OBJECTIVE: To determine short-term effects of applied forearm Kinesio Taping (KT) on pain, wrist flexor strength, and force sense for baseball players with medial epicondylitis (ME). DESIGN: Case-control repeated measures study. SETTING: Clinical sports medicine research laboratory in a medical university. PARTICIPANTS: A group of 10 baseball players with ME (ME group) and another group of 17 healthy collegiate athletes (healthy group). INTERVENTION: Three taping conditions were applied in both groups: (1) no taping applied, (2) placebo taping applied (PT), and (3) KT applied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three variables were measured including maximal wrist flexor strength, related/absolute force sense errors, and pain scale (pressure pain and pain tolerance) under 3 taping conditions. RESULTS: No significant relationship was found either in maximal wrist flexor strength or in related force sense errors between the 2 groups with taping applied, except absolute force sense errors (P = 0.037). Both the healthy group and the ME group in absolute force sense measurement significantly decreased the errors in PT and KT conditions. Also, the tolerance of pressure pain also improved in both the healthy group and the ME group when performing PT and KT conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Forearm KT may enhance absolute force sense and improve pain condition for both healthy athletes and athletes suffering from ME when placebo and KT applied. However, KT did not result in significant changes in maximal wrist flexor strength for either group.